Injection of gas–liquid jets into gas–solid fluidized beds: A review

Injection of gas–liquid sprays into gas–solid fluidized beds finds application in many industries. Effective mixing and distribution liquid feed solid bed material is paramount to ensure an efficient profitable process. Despite its long-term use, the mechanism injection continues raise questions only partially understood. This paper provides a thorough up-to-date review experimental numerical investigations conducted over past decades. Based on surveyed literature, phenomenological description prevalent mechanisms under different operating conditions presented. identifies suitable computational fluid dynamic models for simulating involved gas–liquid–solid interactions along with recommendations future work.